Public transport Essay

The rising levels of congestion and air pollution found in most of the world cities can be attributed directly to the rapidly increasing number of private cars in use. In order to reverse this decline in the quality of life in cities, attempts must be made to encourage people to use their cars less and public transport more. Discuss possible ways to encourage the use of public transport. You should write at least 250 words. In a world of increasing environmental awareness improved public transport represents the way of the future. Although people do enjoy the convenience and privacy of traveling in their own private vehicles, in my opinion they may choose public transport if it fulfills certain conditions. These conditions fall into three broad categories: attitudinal, financial and logistical. From an attitudinal perspective, people must first be convinced of the benefits of public transportation. An educational or public relations campaign must be launched to sensitize those who might have disregarded this possibility before. People should be familiarized with the environmental, social and personal benefits for present and future generations. This is one step. From a financial perspective, public transportation must be a clear and viable benefit to consumers. In other words, it must be more affordable than driving to work every day. For example, if people know that by using bus and subway, they can save enough money to take a free holiday each year, many more individuals would be persuaded to travel in this way. This is another critical step. From a logistical perspective, public transportation should be convenient for commuters. City planners and transport officials must ensure that frequent and reliable public transportation is available for each citizen. For people to make the habit of traveling by bus or subway, they must know that they will be able to get to various places on time. Transport vehicles must be well maintained, subway and bus drivers should be customer-oriented and service must be punctual and efficient. This is an additional important step. In conclusion, through a multi-pronged approach, it is possible to increase the use of public transportation. City officials and politicians can lead the way by utilizing these forms of transport themselves and bringing about change through personal example. Then, more citizens will follow suit and we may all hope to live in a cleaner, less polluted environment.

‘Montana 1948’ Is About the Choices People Make

Larry Watson’s novel ‘Montana 1948’ is told from the perspective of narrator David Hayden, recalling the experiences of his 12 year old self. The observations he witnesses and describes reflects the choices that are made by the adult characters of the novel. Not only changing himself but also changing the situations and environment around the small town of Bentrock. David’s uncle Frank played a major role in this novel displaying his selfish and egotistical choices. Along with these self-centered decisions, Wesley, was torn between protecting his family and obeying the law. These choices heavily influenced David’s own decisions therefore using his knowledge respectively. However, not everyone’s decisions and choices were used. Gail the main woman figure in the novel had her choices declined and disregarded due to the fact that she is a woman. These decisions and choices that were made by frank greatly influenced on the whole of the family. David’s uncle, Frank Hayden is a highly confident, ignorant and narcissistic doctor who is clearly only interested in his own priorities, status and position in the community. His choices that are presented throughout the novel do heavily influence the entire family’s decisions. Which do shape the future events for the family. Frank has had a long line of being the favourite sibling between the two brothers (Wesley and Frank) due to this his father, Julian is fully aware of the fact that Frank is engaging in adult behaviours with Indian women, this had started in his early teens. Such things as these are explained when Marie stated that â€Å"When he examines an Indian he†¦he does things he shouldn’t. He takes liberties. Indecent Liberties. † This statement explains how the American Indians in particular, Marie feels about frank and his methods while examining Indian women. The choices that frank made were extremely significant on the opinions and future decision that were made throughout the rest of the story. Franks actions and choices caused conflict and distress within the Hayden family, causing rifts and a divide in the family. His choices changed the views of Wesley and his choices. Wesley, the strong, respected father and sheriff of Bentrock is torn between the decisions of protecting his family from the harsh truth and unpleasant situations of Bentrock, Montana and enforcing the law and his duties as sheriff. Due to Franks immoral acts, Wesley is forced to decide Franks fate, whether he is to be locked up in prison because of his misconducts or, to have his crimes forgotten about to protect the Hayden name. Throughout the novel, Wesley is under a lot of stress and pressure to make the right decision. He is unsure and confused although he finally does stand up to his father and think for himself, as he was heavily influenced by Julian’s actions and wishes. Because of Wesley’s choice to lock frank up in the basement of their home, frank tries to convince Julian what frank has really done. Julian little respect for what Wesley has done to find out the truth nor will he ever have faith or belief in Wes because frank is the more favourite sibling. This is represented in the statement â€Å"you-Investigating† how through these two words displays how little respect Julian has for Wesley. The choices that were made my both Frank and Wesley affect the knowledge and the information that David has gained, influencing his choices. David, the innocent and extremely influential child of the Hayden family, uses his incorruptibility to his advantage. As David is the youngest character featured in the novel, he is shown as the innocent and unknowing character. David observes the on-goings of the family including, their discussions, ideas and opinions and uses his knowledge to for his own advantages. David’s decision to over-hear the conversations of the adult characters shows his curiosity and slyness, towards the situation. Throughout the novel, David displayed only a few decisions, including the fact that although insignificant, David did tell Wesley about Frank breaking into the house and murdering Marie. As David was unaware of the consequences of the actions Frank committed, David was shocked and slightly scared of what might happen to him as David idolised frank, even more than his own father. David’s innocence is shown when repeating what he says to his father â€Å"Uncle Frank. Uncle Frank was here. †, this statement shows how he had chosen to keep the fact that frank had gotten into the house, displaying David’s anxious behaviours. As shown all of the male characters have chosen to lie and use their knowledge to use, although Gail seems to be the only character who choices were disregarded but also the right ones to make. Gail Hayden, the dominant female figure in the novel, discovers choices and decisions that would benefit the future events or situations, although they were all declined. Gail Is the mother of David and wife of Wesley. This meaning that she is written to be contrasting the rest of the characters. This means that because she is a female, her decisions and choices that she may or may not have made were in fact the correct choices but were declined. Gail, throughout the novel, chose to uncover the terrible secrets of frank, and what he does with Indian women. Gail tries to confess his immoral actions to Wesley, the sheriff and brother of frank. Although these accusations made by Gail were true although as mentioned, all of Gail’s choices like to tell Wesley about frank shows how others do not have respect for her, therefore everything that she believed was contradicted. Although Gail was one of the main characters of the novel, all of these decisions were made inferior by the entire Hayden Family. Gail had given up trying to convey her opinions and choices because of the Hayden family, who all made personal and non-personal choices. Larry Watson’s novel, throughout the entire story every character made at least one important decision as these problems unravelled as the story progresses. Even if the choices were life threatening or dangerous to the rest of the family, all of the characters made a choice. If it was a choice to continue a lifelong lie, such as Frank. The choice to protect your family from dangerous situations. The decision to tell the truth to as higher authority. Or even if your opinions and choices were disregarded and ignored. The characters in the novel â€Å"Montana 1948† all displayed choices which made up the basis of the story.

Case Study About Southwest Airline Essay

Southwest Airlines was incorporated on June 18, 1971, serving three cities, Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio. It has been a successful business that has grown into a powerful force in the airline industry. The reason Southwest has remained financially viable is their commitment through point-to-point service with a quick turnaround time. The more planes in the air and the less time on the ground is a profitably business model. Although, there are some areas where Southwest struggled and could improve upon (Kruggel, 2001). In a large competitive Airline industry that has a strong entry barrier, Southwest Airline succeeded on their customer service and quality differentiation distinct any other Airline contributor. The company set them self up for any breakdown what might would happen in the future. Nevertheless, September 11, 2001 attack happened and the Airline could have been better prepared for that event (Anthony & Govindarajan, 2007, p. 114). After 9/11 attack struggling airlines had changed their business strategies and offer lower pricing. Almost every aspect that differentiated Southwest airline from other companies were cut because of having to adapt to new security protocols. These strategies caused Southwest not staying in competitive advantage position, and therefore, they had to slash their pricing lower than average. Of course, loyal customers would continue using Southwest over other airline industries. Analysis: Southwest competitive advantage strategies are as follow: Southwest implemented the first and most simplistic frequent-flier program: purchase eight flights and get one free. Other are their point-to-point services, which are generally targeting the frequent business traveler. With several regular flights per day, if a passenger happens to miss their flight, they will be automatically booked onto another flight. Secondly, secured routes through secondary airports which generally had lower fixed costs for the airlines and less overcrowding of travelers ease? (Koke, 2011). Southwest focal point on fast, dependable turnaround time utilizing only one type of aircraft, make available for staff and passenger to be familiar with the effectiveness of the service. Passengers are not allocating seats, which let the passenger to be guided more efficiently. In addition, Southwest’s point to point system is more dependable because it does not depend on the time arrival of an earlier flight for departure. After Porter’s five competitive forces model, Southwest airline utilizing the differentiation from competition by allowing a friendly, warm flying experience for the travelers with low cost flights undercut the competition, which would fit under the threat of substitutes. Other aspect of preventing the threat of substitutes is the reliability of the airline (Porter, 1987, pp. 28-35). The Southwest airline is determined not only to take care of their stakeholders, but to protect our planet and its natural resources as well. Conserving fuel and water, employing green purchasing practices that meet the leadership in energy and environmental design standards for new construction and building are some of the practices they are determine to retrofit. Gary C.  Kelly Southwest president and chief executive officer said,† Looking Forward As we look to our future in building Southwest Airline, our priority is to maintain the excellence we have built over the past four decades with our brand, culture, customer service, operational excellence, and consecutive annual profits. I am enthusiastic about our 2013 plan and believe our transformation efforts will make us better, stronger, and more competitive. And, the outstanding efforts, commitment, and dedication of our people give me confidence in our ability to successfully execute our plan. We are committed to our purpose to connect people to what’s important in their lives through friendly, reliable, and low-cost air travel. That purpose will guide us to go forward on our journey in pursuit of our vision to become the World’s most loved, most flown, and most profitable airline† (Movawad, 2010). The founder of the Southwest Airline Herb Kelleher in his recent interview mentioned, â€Å"We don’t know everything about everything. We know about one thing. I have seen other airlines make mistakes, buying radio stations, hotel chains, rental car businesses, and so forth and so on. And I thought, We do not want to get into thinking that we’re massive and great because we’ve done pretty well. And that is still the policy today† (Reingold, 2013). One of the Southwest airline competitor’s was United airline in terms of new services and prices. It started a program called â€Å"Shuttle by United†. The disadvantage Sout hwest airline had, was how to deal to access the program at hand. The next one was to figure out how to respond to the initiatives. Specify the decision factors while approaching the circumstance, there were some unpredictable conditions that Southwest airline had to deal with (Freiberg & Freiberg, 2006, pp. 65-70). First, it was the determination of the profitability of the flights they were profiting from and losing from competitors such as United airlines. The concern was how many round trips each airline made, how many miles each flight was, and load factor of each flight. Daily profit calculation for each flight showed how much profit they made each city and finally state wide. After some calculation â€Å"Shuttle by United† program was forecasted that it would put the United airline into debt if they do not gain more profit from it. As of now the program costs more to run than it will pay off (Anthony & Govindarajan, 2007, p. 115-116). Conclusion: While the airline industry in the United States has not made flourishing financial headlines, one small company has been able to fulfill its customers and gain a place in Fortune 500 companies in a short period of time. Southwest has adapted to the business traveler who is looking for reliability and less hassles. In addition, it has a fast reward system that is easy to comprehend and helps retain customer loyalty. In addition, Southwest hires the best people and rewards them accordingly, in a fun, enjoyable environment. Management-employee relation, organizational training and strong leadership are identified as the source of employee motivation. Finally, Southwest negotiates fuel prices for their airlines years in advance allowing the company to keep their pricing consistent (Lunsford, 2008).

Education of Police Officers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Education of Police Officers - Essay Example While many of these skills can be learned on the street in the day-to-day execution of their job, many of them are more easily acquired in a formal classroom setting. A college education would not only benefit the individual officer, it would also give the public an increased perception in regards to the professionalism of the police. Police work today is far more scientifically based than it was in the past. Police officers are continually challenged to keep current in the areas of "technical support, forensic science, fraud investigation, and high tech crime" (Fleming and Wood, 2006, p.262). This knowledge is applied from the moment the police begin to analyze a crime to the time they are preserving a crime scene and collecting evidence. The science of DNA, the expanded technical databases available, and new analytical techniques require the police officer to enter into a lifetime of learning. In addition to the pragmatic side of police work that entails collecting and analyzing the evidence, there is the human contact that officers must constantly confront. In many ways, and in many situations, the police officer needs to act almost as a psychologist. Whether they are trying to defuse a tense situation or attempting to get a suspect to talk, a knowledge of psychology can make them more effective.

Is it possible to achieve belonging or cultural acceptance without a Essay

Is it possible to achieve belonging or cultural acceptance without a sense of individuality - Essay Example (Grammich, Clifford A.. 2010, 14) The question that one would want to ask is whether it is possible that one would be accepted in a group without losing their individuality. Responding to this message requires appreciation of the fact that being accepted in the group while one is individuated will mean to be accepted in the group without conforming to the norms of that particular group. The possibility that individuals would conform to group norm depend on a number of factors’ first, the group cohesiveness. This is the degree to which individuals are attracted to the group and the benefits that are drawn from that group. The size of the group would also determine whether individuals would conform or not. Smaller groups tend to pile a lot of pressure for conformity than large groups. The concept of individualism has been studied in details by two main theorists, Locke and Mills. According to Locke, individualism has been overcome by the pressure particularly that of the government. He suggests that government is a necessary evil that rope people together to conform. His view of individual’s conformity is authoritarian. Mills however reveals that individualism was grounded on theories of pleasure and pain. He suggests hat individuals are the arbiters of their own actions and therefore they are considered to be one of the strongest  proponents for liberalism, checked only by his harm principle. (Mills, Gordon H, 26) Grammich, Clifford A.. 2010 U.S. religion census: religious congregations & membership study : an enumeration by nation, state, and county based on data reported for 236 religious groups. Kansas City, Mo.: Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies, 2012.

Evaluate the claim that biometric technology is a viable and effective Essay

Evaluate the claim that biometric technology is a viable and effective alternative to traditional security methods - Essay Example Experts suggest that biometric technology is the most viable and efficient security measure compared to traditional methods, therefore, the paper aims to validate this claim. Discussion Biometric is the automatic person identification depending on the behavior or physiological attributes of that person. This authorization strategy identifies and verifies a person based on who he is before giving him access permission. The quest for increasingly reliable method of authorization to protect company information has called for biometric revelation and various companies and businesses have shown increased interest in the method. Commonly used physical biometrics is fingerprints, geometry of palms, characteristics of the face and retina, (Schuckers, 2010, p.89). Similarly, behavioral attributes are things such as voice recognition, patterns of keystroke, peoples’ signatures and gait and these technologies, voice recognition and signature are highly developed. Biometric security metho ds are indeed most effective authentication method compared to traditional methods such as smart cards and PINS or both. ... Technical support managers may have difficult time offering instructions to PIN users who have challenges with more basic associated technologies of signing in to certain network. Therefore, biometric technologies are more promising because they solve such problems and relieve the company of such expensive cost of hiring technical support staff, because in a system that uses one log in, biometric technology will be efficient in user authentication. Increasing number of organizations are recognizing biometric method efficiency in various applications, for example, in hospitals traditional methods are being replaced with biometric methods for authentication of users to ensure patients information privacy and confidentiality. Traditional methods such as swipe cards and passwords can be lost or stolen, and bad password management has left users writing passwords on papers and other materials or choosing general and possible works for faster remembrance, an activity that expose such pins to fraud and intruders. Biometric technologies, on the other hand, can be viable and efficient methods in solving these problems because they have strong techniques of authorization and authentication that can assure users of excellent security, (United States, 2004). Similarly, because biometric techniques uses user’s behavioral and physiological attributes in authentication and authorization, it is easy to detect and trace fraud and intrusion, (Ratha and Jain, 2005, p.85). Unlike traditional methods of authentication based of known characteristics – such as passphrases, smart cards – biometric techniques utilize distinct human traits such as voice recognition and prints of fingers that cannot be misplaced, forgotten, or lost. This is because human

Routine Vaginal Examination in Labour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Routine Vaginal Examination in Labour - Essay Example Vaginal exams have become routine during pregnancy in most parts of the United States. Interpreting labour progress is complex and requires experience, knowledge, and judgment, which are aided by continuity of care from a midwife to the pregnant woman (Dixon & Foureur, 2010). In this essay we will be focusing on the vaginal examination in labour. It has been observed that vaginal examinations in labour are used as a procedure through which the healthcare professionals demonstrate the progress of labour and the condition of labouring women. Vaginal examination helps and guides the doctors and midwives to estimate the time left in labour. The care and importance that a woman experiences during her pregnancy always has a great influence on her (Beech & Phipps, 2004). The regular examination of vagina to evaluate the progress of labour is one such care. The woman through this examination can assess the length, strength, position, and intensity required to take it to the end. Vaginal exam ination is not just a routine practice; rather it is undertaken to get variety of information for the well being of a mother and her child. The information that the healthcare professionals get from it are the fetal presentation, information on cervical effacement, consistency and dilatation of cervix, head movement of the fetal, and position of the nuchal cord. The doctors and midwives get to know what is happening to the patient and her labour with regard to the intensity of contraction (Thorpe & Anderson, 2006). They can identify the length of cervix dilatation and the time remaining for the labour. Vaginal examinations remain the most traditional and acknowledged method of measuring progress in... This report stresses that the resistance from the leaders and the key people is logical while implementing the change. Resistance is also made from the individuals and groups in terms of emotions, and social ties, etc. The resistance that is valuable for leadership and organization in terms of rules, and structure of change is fairly reasonable. The building relationship of trust between supervisor and those who are working with them is also necessary. The midwives cannot adopt a change until they have seen the supervisor practicing it. For this purpose, the supervisors and leaders have to provide them with support and guidance. This paper makes a conclusion that the midwives’ practice and role is accounted as the most major during this process, even more vital than a doctor. It all depends on midwives whether they feel the need for a vaginal examination or not. Mostly, they are so experienced that they can anticipate about the progress of labour through the breathing and condition of a patient. Vaginal examination is considered to be an essential clinical assessment tool through which the progress of labour is determined. Before introducing a change, the supervisors and the key people have to make plans for its implementation and a strategy through which the midwives can easily adopt the change. For this the supervisors have to prepare themselves for the meetings, research the ways through which they can convince the midwives, and prioritize the actions. Bringing a change is not easy, and to implement a change, the change has to be valid and have proper consents.

Queer community service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Queer community service - Essay Example Suicide can be regarded as the top reason of death for the youths amid the age of 15-24. According to a statement given by Phoenix Schneider, the program director of The Trevor Project, â€Å"Suicide, especially among high-risk populations such as LGBTQ youth, is a public health crisis. But we are headed in the right direction to prevent this epidemic from spreading by saving lives, building supportive communities and advocating for a more accepting national culture† (PR Newswire Association LLC, â€Å"The Trevor Project Honoured by the American Association of Suicidology†). Once, I came across a friend, who was associated as a volunteer of The Trevor Project. Learning about The Trevor project, I got interested to know more about the organisation and started searching about it in social media. Likewise, I came across the social networking platform of The Trevor Project named as Trevor Space which is an online based community for social networking for the LGBTQ individuals. Subsequently, it was observed that the youth of the country having suicidal tendencies create their own profile and try to connect with the people having the same problem. Moreover, it was observed that Trevor Space ensured that the information provided by them is suitable and friendly for the youth along with being completely factual. Then, I came across The Trevor Project school workshop wherein I got more interested to learn about the program of this workshop. Subsequently, I found out that the school workshop provided a program for Lifeguard Workshop which used organised and age s uitable programme to solve the problems related to identity of gender, language barrier, sexuality and what resulted in the negative thought of younger people. From the observations, I learnt that the curriculum taught the youth to determine the reason for suicidal tendency and depression along with

Hotel Chocolat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Hotel Chocolat - Essay Example Then the company started expanding in its domestic land and opened almost 43 stores in the UK and 23 stores inside John Lewis outlets. Hotel Chocolat mainly aims at making fresh chocolates which are way more adventurous in terms of taste. It produces chocolates using less sugar and more of cocoa, very different from the chocolates made by other companies. It follows originality and ethics in its services (Hotel Chocolat, 2010). In order to learn cocoa plantation the company decided to work with the local communities of Ghana. After achieving success in the production of chocolates, the company started many new projects. The company opened a restaurant called Boucan at its cocoa estate located in Saint Lucia. After its expansion in the domestic land, the company is now aiming at internationalisation. For this, the company needs an internationalisation strategy. According to Tyndall, Cameron and Taggart (1990), companies should achieve control over the business operation of both international and foreign market in order to achieve their strategic objectives. The next section of the study will discuss strategic options for the chosen company. In the first part it will be shown how the company will move towards diversification of products in the niche market and also show its internationalisation strategy, by using strategy clock and Ansoff’s matrix. In the second part, using suitability, feasibility and acceptability analysis model an analysis will be done to see whether or not the strategic options selected for the company in the first part is justified. In the third part, recommendation is to be provided, which is based on the directions and methods of strategic development which is appropriate for the organisation for the next 3 to 5 years. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn on the entire project. At first it has to be decided, which strategy out of the three strategies of

Ethical and Unethical Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethical and Unethical Decision Making - Essay Example The given case includes an ethical dilemma which will be thoroughly analyzed using the relevant theories of ethics. It will mainly involve the employee’s duty to the employer. Stakeholders in this case study include Zach Micheals who is a graphic designer; Altiora University where Zach studied; XJ7 Studio where Zach did his internship and worked on a major project; Tangent where Zach works after completing the degree and The Charleston Technical University, for which Zach creates a web portal using his previous work. In the given case, the ethical dilemma arises when Zach Micheals is asked by his boss to work on a new project using the files of his earlier work for Altiora University. The files were unlawfully stored by Zach when he was working on this project, but his intentions were only to keep backups for safe-keeping. Moving the project files outside the company was unlawful as it was against one clause of the signed agreement. After passing out from the Altiora University, he receives a job in Tangent Studio, a rival of XJ7 Studio, where Zach completed his internship. Zach uses his previous work and modifies it for Charleston University web portal. In other words, he unethically and unlawfully uses the intellectual property of someone else without taking any permission from the real owner. Zach may not be considered ethically wrong when he created backups of the project since his intentions were good, but later, when he uses this for Charleston University web portal, it was not only unethic al and an unlawful act. This is called â€Å"computer theft†. According to Manuel Valasquez, â€Å"to convert company resources to the employee’s own use are forms of theft because to do either is to take or use property that belongs to another (the employer) without the consent of its rightful owner† (Velasquez, 2006).

Discuss with examples and detail, the responsibilities of the First Term Paper

Discuss with examples and detail, the responsibilities of the First Officer on the scene of a reported crime - Term Paper Example Introduction The primary call to a police officer regarding a crime scene usually comes in different forms: a crime that has already taken place and has just been discovered, a crime in progress, or a crime that just occurred. The way in which the officer responds depends on how he/she receives the call. For instance, he/she can proceed quickly and directly to the scene. When a law-enforcing officer receives a call to respond to a scene of crime, he/she must always follow a logical series of events in order to ascertain everyone’s safety as well as appropriate investigation of the incident. He or she must treat all responses to crime scenes the same way, with expectations that the case under investigation will proceed to trial and be subjected to the criminal justice system’s procedures and policies (Buckles, 2007 and Dale & Becker, 2007). Since a first responder acts in response to all sorts of crimes as well as possible crime scenes, he or she should always act under the assumption that the suspects are still in the crime scene or in its surroundings. Is it therefore critical for him/her to make keen observations on the way to the scene of crime – should be very alert and should constantly make mental notes. With the assumption that suspects may be fleeing from the crime scene, he/she should take note of suspicious vehicles details such as color, make, model and license plates, as well as pedestrians’ descriptions. Better still, he/she can record all these information on a tape, which can be transcribed later to act as leads for law officers as they follow up on a crime after the initial response (Dale & Becker, 2007). Upon arrival, the officer will make use of tactical measures of safely approaching the scene and looking for suspects, victims, and witnesses. Again, depending on the type of crime, the presupposition is that there is a suspect at the crime scene and that there may be victims requiring emergency care. It is therefore worthy emphasizing that the focus of the first officer on the scene of a reported crime is on his own safety as well as that of other individuals at the crime scene, including the victims, other officers taking care of the victims, and those pursuing/ looking for the suspect. It is also worth noting and emphasizing that how to approach a crime scene and what to do are vital as the first responding officer enters and examines the crime scene. What to examine and note include whether or not there is a suspect at the scene, whether or not there is a victim who is being held hostage or who needs emergency care and what safety issues or environmental conditions need to be dealt with (Buckles, 2007). The initial response to a crime is supposed to be expeditious and systematic. On arriving at a crime scene, the first responding officer/the first officer to arrive on the scene of a crime should perform his first responsibility of assessing the scene. It is important for him/her to approach and enter crime scenes as soon as possible, yet carefully, while at the same time exploring any potential events, evidence, vehicles, individuals as well as any environmental conditions that may be linked to the crime. He should keep a record of information such as the location /address of the crime, the exact date and time, the type of call that he/she received, and anything else that might have a bearing on the crime/the scene of crime. He or

Justinians Military Battles Essay Example for Free

Justinians Military Battles Essay Justinian carried on the unending war against the Persians with mixed success. His general Belisarius lost a battle at first in 528, then completely routed the Persians at Daras, near Nisibis (June, 530); but on 19 April, 531, the Romans were defeated near Callinicum on the Euphrates; in September a peace was arranged on fairly equal terms. The emperor then conceived the plan of reconquering Africa and Italy, lost to the empire by the Vandal and Gothic invasions. In 533 a fleet of five hundred ships set sail for Africa under Belisarius. In two battles the Romans annihilated the Vandal kingdom, took the king, Gelimer, prisoner to Constantinople, and re-estabished the authority of Caesar in Africa. In 535 Belisarius sailed for Sicily. The island was conquered at once. After a reverse in Dalmatia that province was also subdued. Belisarius in 536 took Rhegium and Naples, entered Rome in triumph, seized Ravenna, sustained a siege in Rome till 538, when the Goths retired. A second general, Narses, then arrived with reinforcements from Constantinople; Milan and all Liguria were taken in 539, and in 540 all Italy up to the frontier of the Frankish Kingdom was reunited to the empire. In 542 the Goths revolted under their king, Totila; by 553 they were again crushed. Narses became the first Exarch of Italy. Verona and Brixia (Brescia), the last Gothic strongholds, fell in 562. The Roman armies then marched on Spain and conquered its south-eastern provinces (lost again in 623, after Justinians death. ) Meanwhile the Crimean Goths and all the Bosporus, even the Southern Arabs, were forced to acknowledge the rule of Rome. A second war against the Persians (540-45) pushed the Roman frontier beyond Edessa. From 549 to 556 a long in Armenia and Colchis (the Lazic War) again established the empire without a rival on the shores of the Black Sea. So Justinian ruled once more over a colossal world empire, whose extent rivaled that of the great days before Diocletian. Meanwhile the emperor was no less successful at home. In 532 a very dangerous revolt (the Nika revolution), that arose from the factions of the Circus (the Blues and Greens), was put down severely. Bury says that the result of the suppression was an imperial victory which established the form of absolutism by which Byzantine history is generally characterized. (Later Roman Empire, I, 345).

Gunshot Forensic Analysis

Gunshot Forensic Analysis School of Chemistry MM4EOX: Electron-optical and X-ray Techniques Pages 12: Forensic investigation: trace evidence analysis for gun-shot residue Page 3: Phase identification : characterization of nanostructured materials Page 4: Enviromental safety: characterization of fine scale particle distribution Forensic investigation: trace evidence analysis for gun-shot residue Introduction The ability to identify gunshot residue has provided solution to the problems encountered in the resolution of forensic science, legal medicines, and for shooting distance determination. Visually comparing the casework powder residue pattern on the garment or on the skin of the victim with the pattern obtained from a series of test firings at known distances, using the same gun and ammunition has been used as a method for routinely estimating gunshot range. Burned and unburned powder grains, carbonaceous particles, bullet jacket debris, shaving and dirt have been shown to be examples of materials ejected from the bore of the weapon around the entrance hole of the bullet and have been used as materials for analytical determination in order to obtain a more and accurate result.1 An issue that has become very important in criminal investigation is trace evidence. Very often it come into place after the commission of a crime, well after the charges have been filed and well after the completion of forensic examination. Trace evidence can usually take the form of fibers, paint chips, soil, building materials, glass, gunshot residue, seeds, feathers, animal hair, human hair, wood fragments and other material. It has been proved that these substances are usually transferred between individuals during physical contacts and can also be transferred from individuals to environments and from environment to individuals.2 This report shows how complementary analytical techniques ranging from batch injection analysis (BIA) method, based on differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV), scanning electron microscopy/ energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX), capillary electrophoresis, can been used to identify trace evidence for gun-shot residue. Batch Injection Analysis Batch injection analysis (BIA) method, based on differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) can been use to carry out forensic analysis of lead in gunshot residues (GSR). The design consist of a simple â€Å"J† shaped adaptor which is being used to direct the flux of the analyte injected with a micropipettor onto the hanging mercury drop electrode of any commercial electrode stand. Lifting with adhesive tape is usually selected for field use and pasting of the tape is done on polyethylene screens and stored in capped vials. Sampling is usually done with multiple strips and thus provides coarse mapping of the distribution of the Lead on the shooters hand following the dissolution/extraction step with chloroform/aqueous HCl. Certain volume of this aqueous phase is then injected for few seconds for accumulation of the Lead on the HMDE at a certain volt (vs. Ag/AgCl). A detection limit of 20 ng/mL of Pb(II), outreaching for GSR analysis can be achieved without oxygen r emoval, at a frequency of 20 injections per hour. Quantitative analysis has shown the detection of over 90% of lead residues.3 Scanning electron microscopy/ energy dispersive X-ray analysis Elemental analysis using SEM/EDX can be carried out in order to understand bullet structure and major elemental composition. Datas produced from elemental composition of bullets can be used in deciding the exact methods most appropriate for the identification of bullet hole and the determination of firing distance. Bullets and shots are usually collected from unfired cartridges and subsequently brushed with detergents and cleaned using tap water, distilled water, and acetone. Double-sided carbon tape can be used as a means of mounting jackets, lead cores and lead bullets and shot onto the sample stub on subjection to SEM/EDX analysis. The external surface, cross section of lead core, lead bullet, or lead shot can be subjected to elemental analysis using EDX. The internal surface and cross section of the jacket can also be subjected to elemental analysis in order to understand its structural composition. EDX measurement conditions can be set from the SEM unit with regards to spectral measurement, multi-point measurement, mapping, and display of analysed elements on the SEM monitor. The image data obtained from the SEM can be used as basic data for the EDX, while the setting conditions for the SEM units are automatically transferred to the EDX unit. The function which provides the strongest backup for elemental distribution is the Smart Map. The Smart Map operates by recording the X-ray spectral data for all analysis points on the test sample together with the positions of analysis, thus providing the user to recall valuable data as needed. Backscattered electron imaging mode in SEM is able to reveal layers of metals on the jackets cross-section and its subsequent compositions while on the other hand, EDX analysis is able to reveal the coating elements detected on the external surface of lead bullet.4-5 At the moment, this technique is widely accepted due to the morphological (SEM) and elemental (EDX) determination of the metal residue. Capillary electrophoresis Capillary electrophoresis can be used for the analysis of organic and inorganic components of gunshot residue in order to study sampling methodology, selectivity, reproducibility, quantification and the enhancement of the bulk analysis. A typical P/ACE MDQ Beckman capillary electrophoresis system is being used with polymide bare fused silica capillaries. A diode detector is usually used as a means of carrying out direct UV detection. A temperature of 25oC, with a positive voltage of 30KV and hydrodynamic injection of 5s and 0.5 p.s.i is usually used. The conditioning of new capillaries is usually done by rinsing with ethanol, HCL, NaOH at specific time and temperature. Between runs, the capillary is usually rinsed with deionised water, NaOH, and again with deionised water and background electrolyte at specific times. The sample is usually ejected into the capillary by temporal replacement of one of the buffer reservoir (usually at the anode) with a sample reservoir upon application o f either an electric potential or external pressure for a few seconds. Upon replacement of the buffer reservoir, an electric potential is applied between the capillary and the separation is performed. Optical UV-detection of the separated GSR component can be obtained directly through the capillary wall near the opposite end (usually near the cathode). Swabbing technique has been used as a means of obtaining samples from gunshot. This technique is however not too good in detecting important organic residue such as barium and antimony. Figure 1, shows a typical zone of sampling for gunshot residue.6-7 Figure1 Typical zones of sampling for gunshot residue. (A) web and (B) palm.7 Phase identification: characterization of nanostructured materials Complementary analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopies such as TEM SEM, and EDX spectrometry can be employed as a set of tools in characterizing a one-dimensional inorganic nanostructure in order to investigate the crystal structure, particle size distribution, morphology, composition and aggregate state. XRD The technique of XRD can be used to deduce the lattice parameter of inorganic nanostructures which can be used to provide information on the thermal properties of the material, strain state or an analysis of the defect structure. The diffraction pattern of the material can be indexed appropriately if the crystal structure of the material is known. For example, in a cubic system, the d spacing which correspond to each diffraction pattern is related to the lattice parameter a following the equation a2 = d2 / (h2 + k2 + l2) in which hkl are the miller indices. This is however used in indexing the diffraction pattern. This technique is however subject to systematic error in the position of the diffraction peaks and random error in the individual calculation of the lattice materials.8 The calculated lattice parameter value is usually compared with the experimental value and this can further be used for appropriate interpretation of result. SEM/EDX Nanostructured materials can be characterized by SEM integrated with an EDX analyzer in order to determine the particle morphology and chemical composition of the sample. The SEM column forms a focused probe of electrons on the sample while the beam current and probe current are usually adjusted as required. An image is formed by scanning the probe in a raster pattern on the sample, detecting some excited radiations from the sample, and storing the result either as a pattern of varying intensity levels on a cathode ray tube (CRT) screen or an a pattern of digital values in electronic memory for later manipulation and display. SEM images are usually formed by detecting either the secondary (low-energy) electrons emitted from the sample, or the backscattered (high-energy) electrons.9 Secondary electron images can provide information on the sample topography thus revealing information about the grain size distribution of the material. TEM/EDX TEM/EDX investigation of nanostructured materials can provide a more detailed information about the smallest particle. When the selection area diffraction (SAD) pattern is projected onto the viewing screen, we can use this pattern to perform the two most basic imaging operations in the TEM. In order to form an image in TEM, we either use the central spot, or we use some or all of the scattered electrons. The way we choose which electron forms the image is to insert an aperture into the back focal plane of the objective lens, thus blocking out most of the diffraction pattern except that which is visible through the aperture. If the direct beam is selected the resultant image is a bright-field (BF) image and if the scattered electrons are selected then the resultant image is the dark-field (DF) image.10 The dark-field imaging and digitization of particles can be used to extract size distribution of the grains through thresholding and measurement of the projected areas. Enviromental safety: characterization of fine scale particle distributions Appraisal of the fine scale particle distributions emitted from a waste disposal furnace can be carried out using SEM/EDX to investigate the particle morphology, composition and chemistry, while TEM/EDX can be carried out to give a more detailed information about the particle size distribution and SIMS to determine isotopic ratios. SEM/EDX SEM equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer can be used determine the elemental composition, morphology and chemistry of emitted particle in a waste disposal furnace. In order to determine the emitted particle containing the heavy metals, the sample is subjected to backscattered electron imaging while emitted particle containing salts can be imaged in the secondary electron mode. The detected backscattered electrons originate from the larger volume of the sample than do secondary electrons, and thus form an image of lower resolution. Focusing of a small spot on the high Z area followed by analysis of the X-ray signal with EDX allows the resulting X-ray lines to be detected and the elemental composition determined. TEM/EDX TEM images of the sample which comprises DF and BF can be coupled with EDX analysis and chemical mapping can be carried out. Both DF and BF imaging in TEM can be used to investigate the metal speciation in the fine fraction of the emitted particle furnace. DF imaging and digitization of the particle can be used to extract size distribution through thresholding and measurement of project areas. Elemental composition of the emitted particle could be detected in small aggregates upon analysis by EDX and selected area electron diffraction. SIMS Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) can be used to determine isotopic ratios of the heavy metals from within emitted particles. It operates by switching between masses and it possesses two microfocus ion sources. Sputtering is usually done with a primary O2+ and the intensity controlled by tuning the primary ion beam. The instrument can operate with a mass resolution power (MRP) of 25000.11 REFERENCES [1] Roberto G, Anna P and Salvatore, J Forensic Sci, March 2008, Vol. 53, No. 2. [2] Douglas D, Crime Scene, United States Attorneys Bulletin, 2001Vol. 49 No. 5. [3] Adriana D, Ivano G and R. Gutz, Electroanalysis 2005, 17, No. 2. [4] Hsien-Hui M, and Yen-Lin C, Forensic Science Journal 2006 5:21-34. [5] Toshikazu Y, Sukehiro I, Yoshinori N, Keith S, Readout, 2001 No. 22. [6] Richard A, Jennifer M, Harry E, Background theory and principles of capillary electrophoresis. [7] Ernesto B, Alma L. Revilla V,J. Chromatography A, 1061 (2004) 225-233

Background Of Language Learning Strategies English Language Essay

Background Of Language Learning Strategies English Language Essay This chapter covers the background of language learning strategies (LLS), the literature review including the definitions of key terms, classifications of LLS, the characteristics of LLS, the factors influencing the choice of LLS, evidences from previous research studies, the teachers role in LLS training, and theoretical concepts. 2.1 Background of Language Learning Strategies Research on language learning strategies has been conducted since the 1960s. Williams and Burden (1997, p. 149) stated that developments in cognitive psychology influenced much of research done on language learning strategies. In most of the research on language learning strategies, the principal concern has been on identifying what good language learners report they do to learn a second or foreign language, or, in some cases, are observed doing while learning a second or foreign language (Rubin Wenden 1987, p. 19). In 1966, Carton published The Method of Inference in Foreign Language Study, which was the initial effort to describe second language learners strategies. Then in 1971, Rubin began to conduct research regarding the strategies of successful learners and affirmed that, once acknowledged, such strategies could be made available to less successful learners. Rubin (1975) categorized strategies in terms of processes contributing directly or indirectly to language learning. Won g-Fillmore (1976), Tarone (1977), Naiman et al. (1978), Bialystok (1979), Cohen and Aphek (1981), Wenden (1982), Chamot and OMalley (1987), Politzer and McGroarty (1985), Conti and Kolsody (1997), and many others have also researched strategies employed by language learners during foreign language learning. 2.2 Literature Review 2.2.1 Defining concepts There have been many researchers trying to give a definition of the term language learning strategies. In the ancient Greek language, Strategy = strategia means generalship or the knack of fighting (Yi et al., 2007). In a more precise intelligence, strategy entails the most favourable supervision of troops, ships or aircraft in a designed operation while tactic is diverse, but is associated with sub-strategies which are the apparatus to accomplish the achievement of strategies. In non-military settings, the concept of strategy has been applied to the non-adversarial situations, where it has come to imply an arrangement, movement or an act is used for attaining a detailed purpose (Oxford, 1990). Oxford (1990) stated that strategies are particularly important for language learning because they are tools for active, self-directed involvement, which is essential for developing communicative competence (p. 1). Because they are very noteworthy, learning strategies have been broadly employe d in the learning field. Many researchers have tried to give definitions to language learning strategy using different terms and different concepts of their own which will be discussed in the following paragraphs. Many researchers have conceptualised variously the term language learning strategies. Strategy originates from ancient Greek language strategia, which implies fighting capability (Yi et al., 2007). Regarding military field, strategy is fundamental to troop surveillance, while tactic is a tool to achieve the strategic goal. Apart from militarism, strategy has been defined as preparedness to accomplish a target (Oxford, 1990). To develop communicative competence, strategies are indispensable to language learning (Oxford, 1990, p.1). For this reason, most researchers have viewed language learning strategy diversely as follows. Schemeck (1988) defined strategy as the performance of a set of actions (tactics) for accomplishing some goal and learning strategy as a chain of actions for accomplishing learning (p. 5). Weinstein and Mayer (1986) explained that learning strategies are behaviours and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning and that are projected to persuade the learners encoding process (p. 315). More specifically, Rigney (1978) gave a definition of a learning strategy as cognitive strategy which is used to indicate operations and procedures that the student may use to acquire, retain, and retrieve different kinds of knowledge and performance (p. 165). Rubin (1975) defined strategies as the techniques or devices, which a learner may use to acquire knowledge (p. 43). Later, Rubin (1981) did a study to discover cognitive strategies in second language learning and got to know the distinction between direct and indirect language learning strategies. In 1987, Rubin proposed language learning strategies as strategies which lead to the improvement of the language structure which the learner builds and which shapes learning from then on (p. 23). She also recommended that language learning strategies consist of any set of operations, steps, plans, routines used by the learner to facilitate the obtaining, storage, retrieval and use of information (p. 19). Bialystock (1978) defined learning strategies as optional means for exploiting available information to improve competence in a second language (p. 71). He then identified four kinds of language learning strategies: (a) formal practising; (b) functional practising; (c) monitoring; and (d) inferencing. According to OMalley et al. (1985), language learning strategies have been broadly defined as any set of operations or steps used by a learner that will facilitate the acquisition, storage, retrieval or use of information (p. 23). In this study, they classified twenty-six strategies into three subgroups: metacognitive, cognitive, and social-affective. In the same way, Chamot (1987) said learning strategies are techniques, approaches, or deliberate actions that students take in order to facilitate the learning and recall of both linguistic and content area information (p. 71). She proposed that some language learning strategies are observable, but some may not be. In a cognitive perspect ive, OMalley and Chamot thought of language learning strategies as the special thoughts or behaviours that individuals used to help them comprehend, learn, or retain new information (p. 1). Nisbet (1986) gave another explanation of language learning strategies as always determined and goal-oriented, but perhaps not always accepted at a conscious or deliberate level. They can be long-lasting or so speedy in implementation that it is unfeasible for the learner to bring back, recall or even be responsive that one has utilized a strategy (p. 25). Oxford and Crookall (1989) defined language learning strategies as steps taken by the learner to aid the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of information (p. 404). They noted that strategies may be used consciously but they can also become habitual and automatic with practice. Similarly, Oxford (1990) claimed that learning strategies are steps taken by students to enhance their own learning (p. 1), and she said they were specific actions taken by the learner to make learning easier, faster, more enjoyable, more self-directed, more effective, and more transferable to new situations (p. 8). Scrella Oxford (1992) found that learnin g strategies were specific actions, behaviours, steps, or techniques-such as seeking out conversation partners, or giving oneself encouragement to tackle a difficult language task-used by students to enhance their own learning (p. 63). MacIntyre (1994) argued that the term strategy implied active planning in pursuit of some goal, which was not something that would automatically occur. He emphasised the learners deliberate action of language learning strategies. He provided a different perspective of defining language learning strategies as the actions chosen by language students that are intended to facilitate language acquisition and communication (p. 190). The definition focuses more on learners intention and choice in using language learning strategies. In 1999, Nunan gave the definition of learning strategies as mental and communicative procedures learners use in order to learn and use language (p. 171). Four researchers, Chamot, Barnhadt, El-Dinary Rubbins (1999), defined learning strategies as the thoughts and actions engaged in, consciously or not, to learn new information (p. 1). Lastly, Hall (2001) referred learning strategies to goal-directed actions that were used by learners to mediate their own learni ng (p. 92). Researchers have recognized and illustrated language learning strategies which language learners use when they process new information and perform responsibilities (Hismanoglu, 2000). In the subsequent section, how different researchers have classified language learning strategies will be shortly summarized. Language learners should know exactly the strategies to be used in order to improve their achievement. Cohen, Weaver, Li (1996) argued that: Strategies for language learning and language use have been receiving ever-growing attention in the areas of foreign language teaching and learning (Oxford 1990, Cohen 1990, OMalley Chamot 1990, Wenden 1991, Brown 1991, Rubin Thompson 1994, Mendelsohn 1994, Mc Donough 1995). It is fair to say that language educators in many different contexts have been seeking ways to help students become more successful in their efforts to learn and communicate in foreign languages. The application of foreign language learning and use strategies is viewed as one vehicle for promoting greater success. A strategy is considered to be effective if it provides positive support to the students in their attempts to learn or use the foreign language. (p. 3) The Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency (2009) defines successful learners as: people who own essential literate learning skills, numeracy and information and technology of communication. people who have good sense of creativity, are resourceful in identifying and problem solving. people who process information, reason, question and carry out evaluation by themselves. people who communicate in many means. people who understand how they learn and learn from their mistakes. people who are able to learn individually and work in groups. people who have world knowledge. people who enjoy learning and are motivated to achieve the best they can now and in the future. 2.2.2 Taxonomy of Language Learning Strategies Since the 1960s, the research of language learning strategies has been conducted by many language researchers (Wenden Rubin, 1987; OMalley et al., 1985; Oxford, 1990; Stern, 1992; Ellis, 1994). Most of these attempts to categorize language learning strategies are a sign of more or less the same classifications of language learning strategies without any fundamental changes. As below, OMalleys (1985), Rubins (1987), Sterns (1992), and Oxfords (1990) taxonomies of language learning strategies will be described: 2.2.2.1 OMalleys (1985) Classification of Language Learning Strategies OMalley et al. (1985, pp. 582-584) divide language learning strategies into three main subcategories: Metacognitive Strategies Cognitive Strategies Socioaffective Strategies A. Metacognitive Strategies It can be stated that metacognitive is a term to express executive function, strategies which require planning for learning, thinking about the learning process as it is taking place, monitoring of ones production or comprehension, and evaluating learning after an activity is complete. Among the main metacognitive strategies, it is possible to include advance organizers, directed attention, selective attention, self-management, functional planning, self-monitoring, delayed production, self-evaluation. B. Cognitive Strategies Cognitive strategies are more limited to specific learning tasks and they involve more direct manipulation of the learning material itself. Repetition, resourcing, translation, grouping, note-taking, deduction, recombination, imaginary, auditory representation, key word, contextualization, elaboration, transfer, influencing are among the most important cognitive strategies. C. Socioaffective Strategies As to the socioaffective strategies, it can be stated that they are related with social-mediating activity and transacting with others. Cooperation and questioning for clarification are the main socioaffective strategies (Brown, 1987, pp. 93-94). 2.2.2.2 Rubins (1987) Classification of Language Learning Strategies Rubin, who pioneered much of the work in the field of strategies, makes the distinction between strategies contributing directly to learning and those contributing indirectly to learning. According to Rubin (1987), there are three types of strategies used by learners that contribute directly or indirectly to language learning. These are: Learning Strategies Communication Strategies Social Strategies A. Learning Strategies They are of two main types, being the strategies contributing directly to the development of the language system constructed by the learner: Cognitive Learning Strategies Metacognitive Learning Strategies A.1 Cognitive Learning Strategies They refer to the steps or operations used in learning or problem-solving that requires direct analysis, transformation, or synthesis of learning materials. Rubin identified six main cognitive learning strategies contributing directly to language learning: Clarification/Verification Guessing/Inductive Inferencing Deductive Reasoning Practice Memorization Monitoring A.2 Metacognitive Learning Strategies These strategies are used to oversee, regulate or self-direct language learning. They involve various processes as planning, prioritizing, setting goals, and self-management. B. Communication Strategies They are less directly related to language learning since their focus is on the process of participating in a conversation and getting meaning or clarifying what the speaker intended. Communication strategies are used by speakers when faced with some difficulty due to the fact that their communication ends outrun their communication means or when confronted with misunderstanding by a co-speaker. C. Social Strategies Social strategies are those activities learners engage in which afford them opportunities to be exposed to and practice their knowledge. Although these strategies provide exposure to the target language, they contribute indirectly to learning since they do not lead directly to the obtaining, storing, retrieving, and using of language (Rubin Wenden, 1987, pp. 23-27). 2.2.2.3 Sterns (1992) Classification of Language Learning Strategies According to Stern (1992, pp. 262-266), there are five main language learning strategies as follows: Management and Planning Strategies Cognitive Strategies Communicative-Experiential Strategies Interpersonal Strategies Affective Strategies A. Management and Planning Strategies These strategies are related to the learners intention to direct his own learning. A learner can take charge of the development of his own programme when he is helped by a teacher whose role is that of an adviser and resource person. This is to say that the learner must decide what commitment to make to language learning set himself reasonable goals decide on an appropriate methodology, select appropriate resources, and monitor progress, evaluate his achievement in the light of previously determined goals and expectations (Stern, 1992, p. 263). B. Cognitive Strategies They are steps or operations used in learning or problem solving that require direct analysis, transformation, or synthesis of learning materials. In the following, some of the cognitive strategies are exhibited: Clarification/Verification Guessing/Inductive Inferencing Deductive Reasoning Practice Memorization Monitoring C. Communicative-Experiential Strategies Communication strategies, such as circumlocution, gesturing, paraphrase, or asking for repetition and explanation are techniques used by learners so as to keep a conversation going. The purpose of using these techniques is to avoid interrupting the flow of communication (Stern, 1992, p. 265). D. Interpersonal Strategies They should monitor their own development and evaluate their own performance. Learners should contact with native speakers and cooperate with them. Learners must become acquainted with the target culture (Stern, 1992, pp. 265-266). E. Affective Strategies It is evident that good language learners employ distinct affective strategies. Language learning can be frustrating in some cases. In some cases, the feeling of strangeness can be evoked by the foreign language. In some cases, L2 learners may have negative feelings about native speakers of L2. Good language learners are more or less conscious of these emotional problems. Good language learners try to create associations of positive affect towards the foreign language and its speakers as well as towards the learning activities involved. Learning training can help students to face up the emotional difficulties and to overcome them by drawing attention to the potential frustrations or pointing them out as they arise (Stern, 1992, p. 266). 2.2.2.4 Oxfords (1990) Classification of Language Learning Strategies Oxford (1990, p. 9) sees the aim of language learning strategies as being oriented towards the development of communicative competence. Oxford divides language learning strategies into two main classes, direct and indirect, which are further subdivided into six groups (cognitive, memory, and compensation under the direct; metacognitive, affective, and social under the indirect class) (see Figure 1). Each of six groups shown above has some more concrete strategies, as shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Some language learning strategies which relate with learning directly are called direct strategies. All direct strategies require mental processing of the target language, but the three groups of direct strategies (cognitive, memory and compensation) do this processing differently and for different process (Oxford, 1990). Cognitive strategies, such as practising or analysing, enable learners to understand and produce new language by many different means. Memory strategies, such as grouping or using imaginary, have highly specific functions. They help students store and retrieve new information. Compensation strategies, like guessing or using synonyms, allow learners to use the language despite their often large gaps in knowledge. Other language learning strategies are called indirect strategies because they support and manage language learning without, in many instances, directly involving the target language (Oxford, 1990). Indirect strategies are divided into metacognitive, affective and social. Metacognitive strategies allow learners to control their own cognition; that is, learners can coordinate their own learning processes by using study habits such as centering, arranging, planning and evaluating. Affective strategies help regulate emotions, motivations and attitudes. Social strategies help students to learn through interaction with others. Indirect strategies are useful in virtually all language learning situations and are applicable to all four language skills: listening, reading, speaking and writing. 2.2.3 Characteristics of Language Learning Strategies Clouston (1997) maintains that the terminology is given differently by researchers, some use the terms learner strategies (Wendin Rubin, 1987), others learning strategies (OMalley Chamot, 1990; Chamot OMalley, 1994), and others still use language learning strategies (Oxford, 1990a, 1996), but there are a number of fundamental characteristics in the commonly acknowledged analysis of LLS. First, learners generate LLS which are steps taken by learners of the language. Second, LLS improve language learning and facilitate enlarge language competency, as feedback in the learners skills in listening, speaking, reading or writing the L2 or FL. Third, LLS might be able to be seen (behaviours, steps, techniques, etc.) or unseen (thoughts, mental processes). Four, LLS engage information and memory (vocabulary knowledge, grammar rules, etc.). Reading the LLS literature, additional aspects of LLS are less consistently acknowledged. Oxford (1990a) and others such as Wenden and Rubin (1987) distinguish an aspiration for control and independence of learning on the part of the learner all the way through LLS. Cohen (1990) persists that only mindful strategies are LLS, and that there must be a selection about the part of the learner. Strategy transferring from one language or language skill to another is an associated purpose of LLS, as Pearson (1988) and Skehan (1989) have argued. In her teacher-oriented text, Oxford sums up her opinion of LLS by citing twelve vital qualities. Additionally, she states that LLS: let learners become more self-directed enlarge the responsibilities of language teachers are problem-oriented include many points of view, not just the cognitive can be educated are changeable are manipulated by a wide range of factors (Oxford, 1990a, p. 9) 2.2.4 Factors Influencing Strategy Choice There are several factors which affect the second language learner with regard to types of strategies she or he chooses to use. Oxford (1994) concluded available research on how the

Circuit Board Fabricators Case Essay -- Business Case Study

CBF has hired you to help determine why they are not able to produce the 1,000 boards per day. 1. What type of process flow structure is CBF using? The company is using a batch shop process flow structure. CBF, Inc. bases its board fabrication process on the average job size or on its typical order. This means that the company proceeds with the manufacturing process in batches so as to meet the specific requirements per order. The typical contract that the company currently gets is 60 boards per order. However, due to persisting factory defects, they manufacture a total of 75 boards per batch in order to compensate for 20% of the boards that they typically reject during the process. 2. Diagram the process in a manner similar to exhibit 6.7. According to the book, the diagram is an operation and route sheet that specifies operations and process routing for a particular part. It conveys such information as the type of equipment, tooling and operations required to complete the particular part. The "Setup Hr." is derived from dividing the setup (minutes per job, as illustrated in exhibit 6.9) by 60 minutes. Likewise, the hourly capacity of each operation (Rate Pc. Hr.) is solved by dividing 60 minutes by the run (minutes per part, as shown in exhibit 6.9). 3. Analyze the capacity of the process. The first thing to consider is the process of cleaning and coating of the boards. This particular process involves the set-up of the machines, the loading of the boards, and the actual cleaning and coating of the said boards by the machines. From the computations above, it is clearly illustrated that there is a disparity between the loading of the boards into the machines and the output of the cleaning and the coati... ...es. 2) Enhance or re-engineer the cleaning and coating machines to improve capacity. Basically, the focus of the recommendations is to reduce the disparities between the capacities of the processes involved. Ideally, their outputs must be equal if not, similar to the preceding and succeeding procedures in order to achieve an efficient manufacturing process. The company is also faced with a 20% reject rate that is absolutely unacceptable. A lot of the produced boards go to waste, and a lot of resources are compromised. Moreover, it contributes to the manufacturing strain, as the production team must start with at least 20% more than the required output just to give allowances to the defects. CBF, Inc. should implement a more rigid supervising/monitoring program with the manufacturing processes in order to pinpoint and arrest the cause of these defects.

Asians Looking Again At Comercial Real Estate :: essays research papers

\ Commentary on the article: Asian looking again at Commercial real estate In the beginning of the last year, Taiwanese and Singaporeans came to Vancouver with a lot of money looking for prospects in the real estate market. These business people were looking for rental building, which were the "hot ticket" in real estate according to Vancouver relater John Gee The part of the city, which is attracting these buyers, is the West End of Vancouver, where the vacancy rate is about 1%. Even though some people feel real estate is really strong, others are trying to sell their buildings citing that the real estate market is stagnant. After reading this through I think that the Asians are doing the wrong thing by getting in to the real estate business because it is slow. It may take along time to recover their investment off the rental buildings. I also that the property value could decrease in price because most of the properties in Vancouver, especially commercial real estate, are overpriced. However, factors attracting overseas investors include low vacancy rate, low interest rates, and a future increase in the cost of rent. For investors who want security and a modest return the commercial real estate market offers great opportunities. On the other hand Asian investors can receive larger returns in their homeland. In summary, the real estate market in Vancouver provides a secure investment climate for Asian investors, however they should be wary of the market stabilizing over the short term. Commentary on the article: Asian looking again at BC Commercial real estate In the beginning of the last year, Taiwanese and Singaporeans came to Vancouver with a lot of money looking for prospects in the real estate market. These business people were looking for rental building, which were the "hot ticket" in real estate according to Vancouver relater John Gee The part of the city, which is attracting these buyers, is the West End of Vancouver, where the vacancy rate is about 1%. Even though some people feel real estate is really strong, others are trying to sell their buildings citing that the real estate market is stagnant. After reading this through I think that the Asians are doing the wrong thing by getting in to the real estate business because it is slow. It may take along time to recover their investment off the rental buildings. I also that the property value could decrease in price because most of the

Aldous Huxley’s Hyperion to a Satyr :: Aldous Huxley Hyperion to a Satyr

We’ve probably all seen a poor, homeless man on the streets. How do we know that he is poor? Is it his personality? I think we all know that the reason we assume that this man is poor is because of his appearance. If we see a man whose clothes are old, torn or dirty, we assume that theman is poor, and because of this, many people view himas a lower form oflife, and not as an equal. Throughout the historyofhuman civilization,dirt has been a very common symbol that humans havecometo associate withthe poor or lower classes in our society. In AldousHuxley’s "Hyperionto a Satyr", he addresses this symbol in our society. The research questionthat I will address in this essay is:Why is therea connectionbetweenuncleanliness and the gap in our societybetween the richand the poor? The reason that I have asked and researchedthis questionis that the mainthemeof this selection seems to be the ongoingprocess oftrying to "bridgethe gulf"between social classes by the abolition (or atleast control) offilth. I will be performing metaphoric criticism on the selection "Hyperionto a Satyr." I feel that metaphoric criticism is the mostappropriate wayto analyze this selection because of Huxley’s use ofmetaphors to illustratethe gap between rich and poor in our society throughoutthe selection. Inorder to perform a metaphoric criticism, I must first givea brief overviewof the content of this piece, and then point out some specificmetaphorsin the selection. After I have pointed out some of the specificmetaphors,I will sort out the metaphors according to which metaphors linkdirt to thepoor, and which ones demonstrate the gap between the rich andpoor in oursociety. Although there are many metaphors in this selection,I will beisolating and analyzing a few that will help answer my researchquestion. As I sort through these metaphors, I will analyze their meaning,and withthis information, I will answer the research question. To understand the analysis of this selection, it is important to understandthe content, so I will briefly outline it. "Hyperion to a Satyr" was writtenby Aldous Huxley, and primarily examines the connection between the gap thatseparates social classes and dirt. By "dirt", I mean any sort of filth, odor,or disease that is considered unclean. The basic theme isthat humans liveby symbolism, and a very primary symbol that we have madeis that dirty peopleare untouchable and, as a result of this, dirt contributestothe gap betweenthe rich and poor.

Teoria De Los Rasgos Del Liderazgo Education Essay

La teor a se basa de la propuesta de que los lderes eficaces disfrutan de rasgos y caracter sticas personales que pueden influir casualmente con EL exito. Los lideres que alcanza EL exito, alcanza una altura city manager de un metro noventa, esta teoria sostiene que aparte de este resultado responde asi a tal caracteristica. Se admite que los lideres deben tener rasgos en comun, pero EL concepto esencial, es mas alla de los numeros de rasgos, existe una relacion insouciant entre estos Y sobre EL triunfo del lider. Segun los autores Ordway Tead, Chester Barnard [ 1 ] Y Erwin Schell que se destacaron asi en la escuela de los rasgos, ellos mencionan que esta teoria sostiene a traves de los rasgos del liderazgo esta difundido en la poblacion y puede observase Y medir, su posicion Es vinculada con EL logro que tiene EL liderazgo. La hipotesis de la vacante del lider seria buscar un candidato con cualidades que se asocien con los lideres que logran exito. Esta teoria define Las caracteristicas en la mayoria de los individuos categorizandolos como: atrevido, como character sociales, honradas y timidas. La personalidad estudiada en terminos de interaccion de los rasgos mas o menos independientes, Las actitudes y valores. Si las educadoras o docentes en cada faceta de su rol procuran comportarse de una manera mas adecuada, entonces este docente estara ensenando a Sus alumnos ( as ) a comunicarse Y a desenvolverse de modo mas armonico y justo, esto precisamente de lo que trata la formacion del lider. 2.3.6 Teoria de la Interaccion del liderazgo.Esta teoria Se caracteriza Al enfoque de la importancia que aseguran La interacciones entre la educadora y Sus alumnos. Esta teoria tiene como fundamento en la proposicion de exigencia de situaciones y necesidades tanto emotivas como intelectuales, requeridas parity efectuar asi una tarea parity que influya en la eleccion de un lider. Esta interaccion entre lideres y los grupos que desarrollan una actividad tal que constantemente asignan roles del lider hacia los miembros de un grupo. En esta teoria existe La traslacion Y asimilacion de actividades y funciones a realizar en el lider que pueden ser asumidas por un miembro del grupo, lo que permite asimilar facilmente el rol del lider. Esta teoria Se caracteriza Al enfoque de la importancia que aseguran La interacciones entre la educadora y Sus alumnos. 2.6 Liderazgo Transaccional y transformacional.El lider transaccional Es aquel donde EL lider reconoce lo que quiere conseguir en el trabajo Y lo garantiza con conseguir los resultados requeridos. Este liderazgo O EL lider intercambian estimulos por respuestas a La vez responde a los intereses de las characters con quien trabaja Si ellos mismo responde a su trabajo. Hace ampliar EL esfuerzo que conduce Al desempeno esperado. Los lideres transaccionales reconocen las necesidades de Sus subordinadores para asi cumplir los objetivos propuestos. Aclaran las funciones y las tareas organizacionales, instauran una estructura organizacional, permite Al desempeno Y toman en cuenta asi Las necesidades sociales de los seguidores. Trabaja intensamente vitamin E intenta dirigir a La organizacion con eficiencia Y eficacia. â€Å"Liderazgo transformacional como opuesto Al â€Å"liderazgo transaccional† que Es mas rutinario Y diario† ( Bernard Boss 1981 ) . Este liderazgo logra excepcionales efecto en los subordinados cambiando asi La bases motivacional del individuo desde una motivacion comun hasta llevarla Al compromiso a su vez eleva los deseos de logro y autodesarrollo de los seguidores y a su vez promueve EL desarrollo de grupo y organizaciones. Los lideres transformacionales articulan una vision vitamin E inspiraran a Sus seguidores y poseen asi La capacidad de influir, de adecuar la cultura organizacional Y de hacer en ambiente favourable parity EL cambio organizacional. [ 1 ] Fue un estadounidense de negocios ejecutivos, administrador publico, y el autor de un trabajo pionero en la gestion de la teoria y los estudios organizacionales.

A study of anatomy and physiology of movement upper limb

The procedure of using the amphetamine tree branch to drink water supply is a complex wholeness which involves a huge amount of technology inter-transfer amid the mindset and the eventual skeletal vigour. at that place is initiation of the movement at the brain which is transmitted via specialized white fictitious character tracts to the hip flexors via the intermediate spinal anesthesia cord, involving a very complex mechanism at the cellular levelThe initiation of the process is at the labor cortex (Ms I) of the brain. The primary motor atomic takings 18a is located at the precentral vortex of the frontal lobe. The atomic number 18a controlling the doubt of the lower limbs lies towards the superior surface of the brain. inside this area lies the cell body of the primary neuron. These neurons are known as upper motor neurons (UMN).These UMNs receive modulating momentum from the inputs from the cerebellum and the extremist ganglia via the extrapyramidal pathways. These tracts modulate the gross movement initiated at the frontal cortex. In turn these areas are modulated by afferent signals from locomote spino cerebellar, and spino-thalamic pathways.The complex the signal initiated at the center of the cell body is transmitted electronically via the axon of the myelinated neuron via the personal way of salutatory conduction. The myelin sheath which surrounds the axon of jumpiness that involve fast transport, breaks at intermediate partings known as Nodes of Ranvier.The electrical impulse moves in a jumping manner at these nodes nerve transmission as a neural impulse, generated by the physical composition of a nerve consummation potential. alike all excitable tissue, nerves give a resting tissue layer potential that is the unlikeness of opinion of voltage across the membrane of the neuron. In neurons this value is 70 mV.This voltage difference is maintained by the Na/K pump on the membranes. This impulse generated at the axon hillo ck is transmitted via the depolarizing physical body which allows sodium ions ingress into cells via initiation of the Na channels. This entry of Na in one portion allows activation of other Na channels, causing depolarization of the adjacent region of the neuron. Subsequently repolarization occurs via the opening of K channels, which restores the membrane potential. Thus this process continues which allows the transmission of impulse.Many such nerves together descend as the descending cortico spinal tract in the pyramidal system, which travels through the midbrain into the spinal cord, decussating at the level of midbrain( 90% of the fibres decussating and forming the side(prenominal) spinothalamic tract) and again at the level of spinal cord ( the other 10%, forming the antecedent spinothalamic tract). It is the former which is responsible for the upper limb movements.The cortico-spinal tract travels in the anterior tusk cell of the spinal cord cashbox the lumbar level w pr esent they synapse with the spinal ventral root neuron (lower motor neuron). A single post-synaptic neuron receives signals from more neurons. At the axon terminal, the propagation of impulses leads to release of neurotransmitters, which are stored in specialized vesicles.The released Ach diffuses into the synaptic shot and binds with receptors on the post synaptic membrane to produce excitatory post synaptic potentials. This leads to generation and propagation of impulse in nerves which are destined to supply the neuro-muscular junction. At the neuro-muscular junction, Ach is released, which diffuses into the synovial cleft and binds to receptors in the motor end plate, and triggers a muscle action potential.The released Ach is destroyed by the acetylcholinestrase. At the level of the sarcolemma of the muscles, the muscle AP travels a vast T-tubules, opening Ca release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca binds to troponin-tropomysin complex, which releases the myosin hea ds, these then bind to the actin subjugate filaments, and draws them closer to the M line.Meanwhile bringing the Z disc closer. This leads to muscle fibre contraction. This is a self propagating sequence eventually principal to the contraction of ilio-psoas muscle, which causes the flexion of thigh on the pelvis. Each nerve fibre innervates many musle fibres ( about 150).This is the motor unit. The greater the number of motor units recruited by the nerve action potential, the greater the force of contraction of the muscles. In the spinal cord, nerve impulse travels along the brachial plexus to innervate the musculus deltoideus and supraspinatus (shoulder abductors), biceps, and brachialis( elbow flexion), flexor carpi ularis and flexor carpi radial-ply tireis (wrist flexors and stabilizers), long hitchhike flexors flexor digitorum superficialis anv flexor digitorum profundus (long feel joint flexors) leading to the person absorbing the glass and drinking water. In abridgment the impulse travels via brachial plexus ( C5-T1).From here the nerve impulses travel to shoulder elevators (supraspinatus, deltoid, trapezius, and latissimus dorsi)- prat cord ), elbow extensor (triceps and anconeus radial nerve) wrist extensor ( ECRL, ECRB radial nerve), finger flexors ( FDS, FDP median nerve and the ulnar nerve) and the intrinsics ulnar nerve and the median nerve).

Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination Essay

Women and men use stereotypes to create sense of the planet.† (Feenstra, 6. 1 Prejudice, stereotypes, logical and discrimination, para 1). Prejudice is a negative belief or feeling (attitude) about a particular group of individuals. Prejudices can be passed on from one generation to the next.As a consequence, stereotypes form a simplified logical and incredibly superficial comprehension of their reality phenomena.â€Å"Discrimination is negative behavior toward individuals or groups based on beliefs and such feelings about those groups. A group you are a part of is called your ingroup. Ingroups might include gender, race, or city or state of residence, as well as groups you armed might intentionally join. A group you are not a part of is called your outgroup.

There are just twenty two minor kinds of discrimination.The world was a changing place; many times, we saw and heard prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination at its worst. Unfortunately, we are seeing the same types of prejudices, stereotyping, and discrimination going on today; especially since the â€Å"9-11† attacks and with the â€Å"Occupy or 99%† movement going on today. Social identities depend on the groups to which people belong.Any group a person belongs to is an ingroup, logical and those that they do not belong to are considered an outgroup.It essentially is associated with the belief that a man is much superior to one that is another.And outgroup homogeneity bias blinds us to the differences within the outgroup. † (Feenstra, 6. 1 Social Cognitive origins of prejudice and stereotypes, para 2). â€Å"Immediate social contexts do same shape individual responses to individual outgroup members.

Prejudice doesnt rely with people.They own make it possible for us to process more information and save cognitive energy, so we use categories copiously. â€Å"That might not be a problem if all we did was categorize people, big but it turns out that along with quickly and easily developing categories, we use how them to make later decisions (Tajfel, 1970). † (Feenstra, 2011, 6. 2 Categorization, para.It contributes to discrimination.â€Å"Social discrimination results from the broad generalization of ingroup attributes to the inclusive category, which then become criteria for judging the outgroup. Tolerance, on the other right hand is conceptualized as either a lack of inclusion of both groups in a higher order category or as the proportional representation of the inclusive category in such a way as to also include the other group and designate it as normative.† (Mummendey & Wenzel, 1999, P. 158).

It could be spread by the use of propaganda.d. , P. 10). Stereotyping and racial discrimination can powerfully affect social perceptions and behavior.Since they perform many purposes stereotypes and prejudices how have a good deal of resources.d. , P. 19).Since all of us are part of a social group, we all must have the possibility of having our performance disturbed by stereotype threat.

Competition for funds may additionally fresh produce bias.d. , P. 11). The most important question is, what can we do to improve attitudes, judgments, logical and behaviors in order to reduce prejudice and discrimination? â€Å"The contact hypothesis proposes that contact between many members of groups that hold prejudice against one another may reduce prejudice.Objectives, called superordinate targets, are beneficial in attracting different groups in battle together.Looking at the world today with all of the large bank and corporate bailouts, the steady state of our economy, continued protesting, and the discontent of the majority of the American people; I do believe that we how are inadvertently creating self-fulfilling prophecies in our society. In Self-Fulfilling Prophecies, Michael Biggs states, â€Å"A theory of american society could, in principle, prove self-fulfilling.Marxism predicts that capitalism is fated to end in revolution; if many people believe in the theory , then they could forment revolution (Biggs, 2009). † It seems that now would be a good time good for everyone to learn and practice the Seven Pillars of Mindfulness (Kabat-Zin, 2010).

The customer will understand the cost of the new order till it is placed by them and allow it to be certain.6 Conclusion). References Biggs. M. (2009).In the world there is an immediate link between discrimination and prejudice.uk/~sfos0060/prophecies. pdf Feenstra, J. (2011). Introduction to social psychology.

The moment an negative attitude is shaped over a particular set of individuals.Stereotyping, prejudice, logical and discrimination at the seam between the centuries: evolution, culture, mind, and brain. European new Journal of Social Psychology (30), 299-322. Retrieved from http://www2. psych.Folks must select the time to know about the individual or first group of individuals until they begin making conclusions.Mindful Attitudes. Retrieved from http://mindfulworkshops. com/? tag=non-judging. Mummendey A.

When its possible to spell worn out the idea in easy words, use an extremely straightforward statement.3, No. 2, 158-174. Retrieved from http://dtserv2. compsy.Three other theorists ideas play a important part in the movie.(n. d. ). The psychology of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination: An overview.

In non violence issues resulting In this, and at times crime, aroused.Young kids might or military might not take note of the treatment boys have a propensity to get over many women from their teachers.What might be a history of the individual to an summary of the, likewise.Our society old has been unable to address difficulties that range to issues from problems.

David Fletcher Case Study

aspect conceive David Fletcher 1. What ar Davids considerableest loudnesss as a ag assembly loss tuger? superlative developmental of necessity? How did these strengths and weaknesses extend to Davids talent to ca-ca a masteryful ag assort the prototypical epoch or so? Points for discriminate reciprocation superlative Strengths * David is focussingsed on the object lens of the group and he is salubrious alive(predicate) of the thing of the aggroup champion time gatherd. * David is all overly bang-up in mental synthesis coarse lodge with his group members as exemplified by his student-t apiece(prenominal)er kindred with Stephanie.developmental involve * David needinesss muckle attainments He should be to a greater extent captious in identifying and analyzing interpersonal problems inwardly his validation and contend these problems promptly. He should draw in that collaboration of his group up up is as definitive as their item-by-it em contribution, if non more. set up to squad involve Having a lapse quarry of what the police squad is supposed(a) to be doing bequeath stand by a stagger in achieving its last. This was discernible when the squad up was swimmingly travel rapidly the offset printing twin of months.However, as the group was not built on solidness al-Qaida and members be not au accordinglytic each(prenominal)y matched moulding(a) with all(prenominal) former(a), cracks at last organize that trinity to the crepuscule of the group. 2. What eccentric person of squad was David iodinerous to assemble? What role of squad do you hypothesize would be around attach for this particular proposition patronage purlieu? David Fletcher was primarily trying to cast a enquiry squad constitution of analysts who be experts in indisputable industries.His appreciation of having experts for squad members came from the get hold of to crush and tense up finished mass ive metre of interrogation selective information that grass pay heed him in flood tide up with serious coronation purposes. His decision of construction a investigate aggroup to parcel surface the expand of his twenty-four hourslight to mean solar day operations would be the closely fascinate system precondition his specific pedigree environment. 3. plow what you think the biggest problems/ restrictions set about by David in the alteration to group ups.Considering that Davids strengths depose on his magnate to focus on what is in crusade of him and ferment backbone out of the nut house of information that floods his day to day operation, one of his biggest restriction is his lacks of skill in detect how his group up members interact with each former(a) which highlights his ineffectualness in pile management. Additionally, the lack of structure in the way of life they nonionized their aggroup up is not since rely facilitative in the boile rsuit viscidness and synergy of the group although they fill to stand yet one goal which is to make coin for their investors and remedy their portfolio.This brings in former(a) obstacle for David as his sign aim for a team loosely rely on the strength of each mortal members sort of of capitalizing on a on-key kindred of the group. 4. rate Davids hour hear to micturate a team. As Davids first team coin apart, his parturiency of skeleton separate team has the potence to check the alike(p) pathway and fall into equivalent obstacles that turn over to the dip of the certain team if he doesnt decompose deeper the bunch and factors that lead to the failure.Although the potence team members be promising, on that point is no countenance of a viscous team not unless David invests more on his the great unwashed to build a harmonious family amid his subordinates. On the other hand, his enterprisingness to stay level(p) if challenged with the labor t akement of scratch all over once more to redo the team is commendable. 5. What advice would you natural spring to bloody shame Robinson? Points for discourse connective a group involves a stripe of risks oddly if it is a small, closely-knit team since the interactivity betwixt members is relatively high.Although bloody shames initial embossment is positive, in that location is no cover that she send packing effectively expire with the members in the prospicient run. Furthermore, centering on her study of expertise entirely does not guaranty her success since Davids team is involved in respective(a) industries which whitethorn select her to shit with other experts of her team. On the other hand, be in a center and goaded team volition greatly break her skills in portfolio management. If she possesses adequate to(predicate) the great unwashed skills to give-up the ghost and work with her team members without some(prenominal) complications then connexion Davids team whitethorn bear to be a great move move for her.